Description

This two-volume work provides a detailed account of the orchid flora of Mount Kinabalu situated in the Malaysian state of Sabah (formerly British North Borneo) which, at 4095 m, is the highest peak between the Himalayas and Papua (Indonesian New Guinea). Kinabalu was declared Malaysia’s first World Heritage Site by UNESCO in November 2000. The Kinabalu massif, encompassing only about 1250 square km, is smaller than most English counties, yet the authors list an astonishing number of orchids for such a small area. Nearly 38% of the orchid species are known from just one locality and about 16% have been collected only once. The Kinabalu vascular plant flora may include as many as 5000–6000 species, and is one of the most diverse, if not the most diverse floras in the world. Additionally, Mount Kinabalu has been a centre of extremely active plant evolution and speciation and presents a spectacular natural laboratory for studying these processes. Bearing in mind that much of the mountain, especially the remote and inaccessible northern side, is still poorly explored, one can get some idea of its biological richness.

Mount Kinabalu is mostly composed of granite together with distinctive areas of ultramafic substrate. Together with its ultramafic satellite, Mount Tembuyuken, it forms the major part of a much visited national park and has been described by co-author John Beaman as holding one of the richest assemblages of plants in the world. Its forests also support a fascinating array of creatures such as the Kinabalu Ferret Badger and the Banded Linsang. Its slopes are home to a 30 cm long giant orange terrestrial leech which feeds on giant blue earthworms. The bird fauna is equally prolific and includes many intriguingly named species including the Bornean Whistling Thrush, Chestnut-crested Yuhina, Friendly Bush-warbler and Whitehead’s Spiderhunter. An integrated system of computer programs used for data editing and printing an enumeration of the orchid flora of Mount Kinabalu was written in the dBASE IV programming language by Reed Beaman. A data management program, KINABALU, allows for accessing any aspect of the database through a menu system. Seven principal relational data tables are used in the production of the enumeration of taxa. Two of these tables contain data on specimens including types. Taxonomic, nomenclatural, geographical, and bibliographic information is linked from other tables. Various procedures permit creating and editing the tables. Menus facilitate inputting and editing specimen and taxon data, globally replacing various expressions such as changing an author’s name or abbreviation, indexing and querying the database, computing a summary of elevation ranges for taxa, numbering taxa, making an index to numbered collections, and printing enumerations of all taxa in the database or selected genera.

The data gathered grew from a proposed simple checklist into a 411-page book, authored by Jeffrey Wood together with Reed and John Beaman, detailing the diverse orchid flora, which was published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1993. This precursor to the present two-volume work formed volume two of John Beaman’s five-volume inventory of the entire vascular plant flora entitled The Plants of Mount Kinabalu. The final volume covering dicotyledon families from Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae, authored by John Beaman and Christiane Anderson, was published in 2004.

Table of Contents

• Dedication v
• Message xi
• Foreword xii
• Preface xiii
• Acknowledgements xiv
• Introduction 1
• Conservation 2
• Historical considerations 4
• New generic records and new taxa 5
• New combinations 5
• Future research 6
• Methods 6
• Vegetation 8
• Collections 10
• C. E. Carr and his 1933 expedition to Mount Kinabalu 12
• Life on the mountain 15
• Carr’s orchid collections 17
• Consideration of the Clemenses’ orchid collections 17
• John Kidman Cox 23
• Projek Etnobotani Kinabalu Collections 23
• Collectors 25
• Distribution 28
• Distribution on Mount Kinabalu 31
• Orographical and climatic correlations 33
• Ecology 33
• Orchids of the lowlands 33
• Orchids of hill forest (600-1200 m) 35
• Orchids of lower montane forest (1400-2200 m) 44
• Dendroblum spectatissimum 48
• Dendrobium sinsuronense 50
• Orchids along the Summit Trail—Lower Montane Forest and Upper Montane Forest (1200-2800 m) 52
• Orchids of high elevations—Upper Montane Forest (2200-3000 m) and subalpine vegetation (3000-3400 m) 55
• Origins of high-elevation taxa on Mount Kinabalu 58
• Evidence for migration via vertical radiation 58
• Horizontal high-elevation vicariant radiation 59
• Some high-elevation taxa 59
• Dendrobium 59
• Epigeneium 61
• Epigeneium kinabaluense 61
• Epigeneium longirepens 63
• Epigeneium tricallosum 63
• Platanthera 65
• Orchids of the Summit Area 66
• Ascidieria grandis 66
• Bulhophyllum coriaceum 68
• Coelogyne papillosa 70
• Dendrochihtm stachyodes 72
• Orchids of ultramafic substrates 74
• Appendicula tembuyukenensis 79
• Amchnis longisepala 79
• Bulbophyllum nubinatum 83
• Cymbidium elongatum 83
• Renanthera bella 86
• Orchids of disturbed habitats 89
• Arundina graminifolia 89
• Spathoglottis microchilina 91
• Life-forms 93
• Terrestrials and lithophytes 93
• Acanthephippium 93
• Acanthephippium lilacinum 94
• Anoectochilus 96
• Anoectochilus geniculatus 96
• Anoectochilus integrilabris 97
• Anoectochilus monicae 97
• Calanthe 99
• Calanthe gibbsiae 99
• Calanthe kinabaluensis 99
• Calanthe musa-amanii 101
• Calanthe otuhanica 101
• Calanthe ovalifolia 104
• Calanthe tenuis 104
• Calanthe woodii 104
• Chrysoglossum 105
• Chrysoglossum reticulatum 105
• Collabium 107
• Collabium oralifolium 107
• Collabium simplex 107
• Corybas 109
• Corybas kinabaluensis 109
• Corybas piliferus 110
• Crepidium 110
• Cryptostylis 115
• Cryptostylis clemensii 115
• Cymbidium 116
• Cymbidium borneense 116
• Dendrochilum stachyodes 118
• Dilochia 118
• Habenaria 121
• Hetaeria 122
• Hylophila 122
• Lepidogyne 125
• Liparis 127
• Myrmechis 128
• Nephelaphyllum 128
• Nervilia 131
• Odontochilus 131
• Paphiopedilum 134
• Paphiopedilum dayanum 134
• Paphiopedilum hookerae var. volonteanum 136
• Paphiopedilum javanicum var.virens 139
• Paphiopedilum rothschildianum var rothschildianum 141
• Peristylus 145
• Phaius 146
• Tainia 149
• Tainia malayana 149
• Tainia scapigera 149
• Vrydagzynea 152
• Epiphytes 152
• Twig epiphytes 152
• Bulbophyllum ceratostylis 152
• Bulbophyllum chanii 154
• Jejewoodia 157
• Jejewoodia jiewhoei 157
• Microtatorchis and Taeniophyllum 160
• Branch epiphytes 162
• Bulbophyllum trunk epiphytes 166
• Bulbophyllum heldiorum 166
• Bulbophyllum ionophyllum 166
• Other trunk epiphytes 173
• Appendicula congesta 173
• Campanulorchis 173
• Coelogyne monilirachis 175
• Coelogyne septemcostata 177
• Podochilus 177
• Robiquetia crockerensis 178
• Pendent epiphytes 178
• Appendicula fractillexa 178
• Bulbophyllum 178
• Bulbophyllum pugilanthum 178
• Bulbophyllum undecifilum 182
• Coelogyne craticulaelabris 182
• Dendrobium 185
• Dendrobium grande 185
• Dendrobium 185
• Paraphalaenopsis labukensis 187
• Climbers 189
• Vanilla 189
• Vanilla havilandii 189
• Vanilla kinabaluensis 189
• Vanilla pilifera 189
• Other climbers 189
• Dipodium 193
• Myco-heterotrophs (holomycotrophs, mycoparasites) 193
• Eulophia zollingeri 194
• Cyrtosia javanica 194
• Didymoplexiella kinabaluensis 194
• Gastrodia grandilabris 196
• Gastrodia spathulata 197
• Platanthera saprophytica 197
• Tropidia 197
• Tropidia saprophytica 200
• Morphology 200
• Foliage characteristics 200
• Leaf colouration 200
• Leaf-sheaths 200
• Leaf-blades—species with coloured nerves 200
• Leaf-blades — species with zones of variegation, spotting or bright colouration 203
• Distinctive leaf forms 204
• Terete and semi-terete leaves 204
• Bulbophyllum teces 204
• Dendrobium uncatum 204
• Schoenorchis. buddleiflora 206
• Thelasis carnosa 208
• Laterally compressed, often fleshy leaves 208
• Leaves with distinctive outlines 211
• Indumentum 211
• Pilophyllum 212
• Richotosia 212
• Dendrobium (sections Conostalix and Formosae) 214
• Some noteworthy orchids from Mount Kinabalu 216
• Appendicula 216
• Appendictda calcarata 216
• Appendicula longirostrata 216
• Ascidieria 219
• Ascidieria maculiflora 219
• Ascidieria pseudocymbiformis 221
• Bromheadia 221
• Bromheadia cecieliae 221
• Bromheadia lohaniensis 224
• Bromheadia longifolia 224
• Bromheadia divaricata 224
• Bulbophyllum 227
• Bulbophylium section Altisceptrum 227
• Bulbophyllum placochilum 227
• Bulbophyllum section Aphanobulbon 229
• Bulbophyllum stipitatibulbum 229
• Bulbophyllum section Hapalochilus 229
• Bulbophyllum lohokii 229
• Bulbophyllum section Hirtula 231
• Bulbophyllum polygaliflorum 231
• Bulbophyllum section Intervallatae 231
• Bulbophyllum mandibulare 231
• Bulbophyllum section Leptopus 236
• Bulbophyllum calceolus 236
• Bulbophyllum section Monilibulbus 238
• Bulbophyllum alatum 238
• Bulbophyllum anguliferum 238
• Bulbophyllum carrianum 240
• Bulbophyllum proculcastris 240
• Bulbophyllum section Sestochilus 240
• Bulbophyllum uniflorum 240
• Bulbophyllum vinaceum 242
• Chelonistele 242
• Chelonistele amplissima 244
• Chelonistele lurida var. lurida 244
• Cleisocentron 247
• Cleisocentron abasii 247
• Cleisocentron merrilhanum 247
• Subtribe Coelogyninae 248
• Inflorescence type in subtribe Coelogyninae 248
• Coelogyne 248
• Coelogyne section Hologyne 249
• Coelogyne obtusifolia 249
• Coelogyne section Longifoliae 249
• Coelogyne compressicaulis 249
• Coelogyne cuprea 252
• Coelogyne kinabaluensis 252
• Coelogyne planiscapa var. planiscapa and var. grandis 254
• Coelogyne tenompokensis 254
• Coelogyne section Rigidiformis 254
• Coelogyne demensii 256
• Coelogyne plicatissima 256
• Coelogyne rigidiformis 256
• Coelogyne section Speciosae 258
• Coelogyne septemcostata 258
• Coelogyne section Tomentosae (‘Necklace Orchids’) 258
• Coelogyne genuflexa 261
• Coelogyne hirtella 263
• Coelogyne latiloba 265
• Coelogyne longibulbosa 265
• Coelogyne moultonii 267
• Coelogyne odoardi 267
• Coelogyne radioferens 267
• Coelogyne rhabdobulbon 271
• Coelogyne rupicola 271
• Coelogyne section Verrucosae 275
• Coelogyne pandurata 275
• Cymbidium sigmoideum 275
• Dendrobium 283
• Dendrobium section Aporum 283
• Dendrobium kiauense 283
• Dendrobium patentilobum 283
• Dendrobium section Calcarifera 285
• Dendrobium cymboglossum 285
• Dendrobium hamaticalcar 287
• Dendrobium jiewhoei 290
• Dendrobium serena-alexianum 292
• Dendrobium section Conostalix 294
• Dendrobium beamaniorum 294
• Dendrobium hirsutifolium296
• Dendrobium section Crumenata (syn. Rhopalanthe) 296
• Dendrobium kurashigei 296
• Dendrobium singulare 298
• Dendrobium tridentanun 301
• Dendrobium section Dendrobium (syn. Eugenanthe) 301
• Dendrobium tetrachromun 301
• Dendrobium section Distichophyllum 304
• Dendrobium daimandauii 304
• Dendrobium lambii 304
• Dendrobium lantrianum 307
• Dendrobium maraiparaiense 309
• Dendrobium piranha 309
• Dendrobium section Latouria 312
• Dendrobium macrophyllum var. ternatense 312
• Dendrochilum 315
• Dendrochilum section Cruciformia 315
• Dendrochilum cruciforme 315
• Dendrochilum grandiflorum 317
• Dendrochilum section Eurybrachium 319
• Dendrochilum acuilerum 320
• Dendrochilum alpinum 320
• Dendrochilum corruganun 322
• Dendrochilum joclemensii 322
• Dendrochilum pseudoscriptum 322
• Dendrochilum pterogyne 328
• Dendrochilum scriptum 329
• Dendrochilum transversum 332
• Dendrochilum section Platyclinis 332
• Dendrochilum dewindtianum 332
• Dendrochilum imitator 336
• Dendrochilum kamborangense 336
• Dendrochilum planiscapum 339
• Dendrochilum tenompokense 341
• Dimorphorchis 343
• Dimorphorchis lowii 343
• Dimorphorchis rossii 346
• Entomophobia kinabaluensis 348
• Grammatophyllum 350
• Grammatophyllum kinabaluense 350
• Liparis 352
• Liparis acaulis 352
• Liparis aurantiorbiculata 352
• Liparis kinabaluensis 355
• Liparis trifoliata 355
• Liparis viridicallus 355
• Macropodanthus 359
• Macropodanthus sabahensis 359
• Nabaluia 359
• Ornithochilus 362
• Ornithochilus difformis var. kinabaluensis 362
• Pantlingia 365
• Paphiopedihun ooii 367
• Paphiopedilum sugiyamanum 368
• Pennilabium 368
• Pennilabium kidmancoxii 368
• Pholidota 368
• Pholidota sigmatochilus 369
• Porpax 369
• Porpax borneensis 371
• Porrorhachis 372
• Porrorhachis galbina 372
• Pteroceras 372
• Pteroceras nuthtense 375
• Pteroceras spathibrachicuum 375
• Robiquetia 375
• Robiquetia crockerensis 375
• Robiquetia pinosukensis 375
• Robiquetia transversisaccata 377
• Spathoglottis 379
• Spathoglottis gracilis 379
• Spathoglottis kimballiana 379
• Stichorkis 382
• Stichorkis pandurata 382
• Thrixspermum 382
• Thrixspermum crescentiforme 384
• Thrixspermum triangulare 384
• Thichoglottis 387
• Thichoglottis collenetteae 387
• Trichoglottis kinabahtensis 390
• Trichoglottis magnicallosa 390
• Trichoglottis shihastnahae 392
• Trichotosia 395
• Trichotosia brevipedunctdata 395
• Vanda 396
• Vanda gibbsiae 396
• Vanda hastifera 400
• Vanda helvola 400
• Pollination 404
• Bees (Hymenoptera) 404
• Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) 406
• Flies (Diptera) 406
• Birds 408
• Gregarious flowering 409
• Systematics and phylogenetics 410
• Subfamily Apostasioideae 411
• Subfamily Cypripedioideae 413
• Subfamily Orchidoideae 414
• Subfamily Vanilloideae 414
• Subfamily Epidenclroideae 414
• Classification of Kinabalu orchids 415
• Problematic genera 417
• Eria 417
• Liparis and Crepidium (formerly Mataxis sensu Iato) 419
• The status of Denchvbium section Oxystophyllum 422
• Orchids named after Mount Kinabalu 424
• Orchids named after localities on Mount Kinabalu 425
• Keys 426
• Artificial key to subfamilies 426
• Key to genera (excluding myco-heterotrophs and subtribe Aeridinae) 426
• Key to genera of subtribe Aeridinae 433
• Key to myco-heterotrophic genera 435